Multidimensional Evaluation of Hydrogen Production Technologies: A Path to Sustainable Energy and Climate Resilience

Hydrogen technologies are emerging as a pivotal solution in global efforts to decarbonize energy-intensive sectors, aligning with climate goals. This study provides a comprehensive review of hydrogen production technologies—gray, blue, green, turquoise, pink, yellow, and white—examining their technical feasibility, emissions profile, economic viability, and policy implications, particularly in developing regions such as MENA and Africa. A harmonized classification model was developed, incorporating ISO 14040, IRENA guidelines, UNECE’s UNFC framework, and the EU Taxonomy, systematically assessing hydrogen technologies based on sustainability (E-axis), technical feasibility (F-axis), and project maturity (G-axis). Results indicate that green hydrogen aligns best with net-zero objectives, while blue hydrogen serves as a transitional solution, constrained by carbon capture efficiency. Turquoise and white hydrogen present promising low-emission alternatives, though their market readiness remains limited. By evaluating hydrogen’s role in climate mitigation and adaptation, this paper highlights strategic policy recommendations, advocating for investment in renewable infrastructure, international collaborations, and tailored regulations to accelerate the adoption of hydrogen solutions. Findings contribute to scientific discourse on hydrogen innovation, providing actionable insights for policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers.