Financing of Works with Public Opening

Public works financing faces a critical challenge: while traditional projects meet deadlines and budgets by 75-80%, those with public-private partnerships (PPPs) achieve 90-95% efficiency (MEF-Perú, 2023). However, a study of 37 cases in the US reveals that 40% of PPPs generate disputes due to regulatory failures or financial management (ASCE, 2024). Even more striking, "green bonds" are emerging as a solution, mobilizing USD 500 billion in 2023 for sustainable infrastructure, although "greenwashing" threatens their credibility (Climate Reality Project, 2023). The paradox: while private investment drives innovation (e.g., 20% savings in highway maintenance, CBO, 2024), its focus on profitability can neglect social benefits. Technology (AI, digital twins) promises to optimize costs by 30%, but only 15% of governments adopt it (McKinsey, 2024). The verdict PPPs and innovative tools are key, but they require robust legal frameworks to balance efficiency and equity.