Mountain Public Agro-Pomological Parks: A Conceptual Framework

This study focuses on developing a conceptual framework for establishing mountain public agro-pomological parks (public orchards) through planting or replanting, as an alternative to afforestation or reforestation, with the aim of utilizing degraded lands-particularly abandoned pastures and hayfields. These public orchards should consist of fruit trees and shrubs that require minimal maintenance, considering the limited availability of personnel in Romania for such activities. Harvesting can involve public participation, transforming the orchards into a form of agrotourism, with the possibility of charging a minimal entrance fee.The research is grounded in several key aspects specific to contemporary mountain areas, forming the foundation of the conceptual framework proposed. These include a significant reduction in cattle and sheep populations, a decline in transhumance practices, and a decrease in organic natural fertilizers derived from animal resources, all of which contribute to the degradation of natural vegetation on pastures and hayfields. In this context, soil impoverishment and degradation occur, marked by a decline in organic matter content, reduced microbial biodiversity, and lower soil fertility.The depopulation of mountain areas leads to the neglect of lands-both publicly and privately owned-especially pastures and hayfields, exacerbating existing ecological and economic problems. Within this context, the study proposes a paradigm shift from traditional afforestation/reforestation practices to the planting or replanting of fruit trees and shrubs as a sustainable solution for mountain areas affected by the abandonment of these landscapes.The study also examines the bio-ecological benefits of replanting, including carbon capture and biodiversity restoration, along with agro-economic advantages such as the creation of clustering models based on shared characteristics or added-value chains. The article presents research from various regions around the world, demonstrating the positive impact of reforestation and replanting in terms of carbon storage, food security enhancement, and the reshaping of the rural mountain landscape.In terms of practical implementation, the study proposes an agro-economic model for the value chain associated with planting/replanting, including financial/material flows, strategic and operational planning, and the management of the production and distribution of saplings, seeds, and fruits. Furthermore, the research presents specific planting/replanting solutions for fruit trees and shrubs, including species such as berries and medicinal herbs, which can be cultivated at high altitudes-thus contributing to the sustainable development and utilization of high mountain regions.