The Yellow Fever Vaccine Journey: Milestones and Future Directions

Yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by mosquitoes, poses a significant public health issue in regions of Africa and South America where it is prevalent. Researchers believe that the development of the yellow fever vaccine was a significant advancement in virology and immunization. In the 1930s, Max Theiler developed the 17D live-attenuated vaccine, which has since gained global recognition and continues to play a vital role in disease prevention. This review traces the evolution of the yellow fever vaccine, highlighting key scientific breakthroughs, technological advances, and global eradication initiatives. It also examines the current state of yellow fever immunization, with a focus on the World Health Organization's Eliminate yellow fever Epidemics (EYE) strategy, ongoing efforts to resolve vaccine supply issues, and gaps in surveillance systems. Furthermore, the article explores future directions in vaccine development, including next-generation platforms and enhanced delivery methods, and emphasizes the importance of sustained research funding and international collaboration. As yellow fever reemerges in previously non-endemic areas due to climate change and globalization, strengthening vaccination programs remains crucial for effective disease prevention and control of outbreaks.