Effective Interventions in the Treatment of Self-Harming Behavior in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review

Background/Objectives: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is frequently associated with self-injurious behaviors, posing significant risks to individuals and considerable challenges for families and professionals. While various interventions have been proposed, evidence regarding their relative effectiveness remains fragmented. This study aims to systematically review the literature on non-pharmacological interventions targeting self-injurious behaviors in autistic children and adolescents, with a focus on identifying treatment types, contexts of implementation, and outcome efficacy. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Wos, SCOPUS and PubMed using predefined keywords related to autism, self-injury and interventions. Studies were included if they focused on behavioral or psychosocial interventions for self-injury in individuals under 18 years with a formal ASD diagnosis, studies published within the past 10 years, and evaluation of interventions specifically aimed at reducing SIB. Eligible studies reported quantitative or qualitative outcomes and described the intervention methodology. No language restrictions were applied. Results: Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria. The interventions included applied behavior analysis (ABA), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), sensory integration therapy, and pharmacology. Reported outcomes generally indicated reductions in the frequency and severity of self-injury behaviors. However, many studies lacked long-term follow-up data, and few addressed generalization of treatment effects. Methodological variability limited comparability across studies. Conclusions: This review emphasized a multidisciplinary, individualized approach to treating self-injurious behaviors in autistic youth. ABA emerged as the most effective intervention, while CBT proved beneficial for higher-functioning adolescents, and sensory therapies addressed specific challenges. Combined treatments showed promise, and family involvement and long-term research remained essential.