The Role of IoT-Based Battery Management and Advanced DC-to-DC Converters in Rooftop Solar-Powered EV Charging Stations to Enhance Grid Efficiency and Power Quality

Shifting to electric vehicles (EVs) is a pivotal step towards reducing carbon 9 emissions and fostering sustainable transportation. The increasing adoption of EVs has 10 created a demand for an efficient and sustainable charging infrastructure. The integration 11 of rooftop solar-powered EV charging stations into distribution networks is a promising 12 solution for reducing carbon emissions and improving grid efficiency. This integration 13 also introduces challenges such as power quality issues, grid instability, and the impact of 14 environmental factors on solar generation. This study proposes an IoT (Internet of 15 Things)-based centralised Battery Management System (CBMS) for real-time 16 environmental monitoring and advanced DC-DC bidirectional converters for efficient 17 power distribution. IoT-based algorithms measure the impact of environmental factors, 18 such as solar irradiance, temperature, and shading, on solar generation, helping in 19 adaptive energy management. The improved DC-DC converters optimise the power flow 20 between solar panels, energy storage systems (ESS), and EVs, ensuring efficient and stable 21 operation. Advanced converter topologies, including dual-active-bridge and boost 22 converters, are utilised to achieve efficient power conversion and facilitate bidirectional 23 energy exchange. The proposed system was validated using MATLAB Simulink 24 simulations, demonstrating its ability to mitigate power-quality issues, reduce power 25 losses, and enhance grid stability. The results indicate that integrating IoT-based CBMS 26 with efficient converters reduces grid stress, improves power quality, and facilitates 27 sustainable EV charging. This study highlights the potential of these technologies for 28 smart grid applications and decarbonisation efforts.