Progress in Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacological Effects, and Molecular Mechanisms of Swertiamarin: A Comprehensive Review

Swertiamarin (SW) is a natural iridoid glycoside primarily isolated from Gentianaceae family and has gained significant attention in natural product research in recent years. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that swertiamarin possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities, and its mechanism of action involves multiple signaling pathways such as Nrf2, NF-κB, and MAPK. In this study, we systematically reviewed the progress of the pharmacokinetic characteristics, pharmacological effects, and molecular mechanisms of swertiamarin. This review aims to provide a scientific basis and reference for the clinical application and drug development of Swertiamarin.