Next Generation Therapeutic Strategies Through Smart Nanocarriers and Bioinspired Drug Delivery Platforms

The advent of smart nanocarrier drug delivery systems has transformed therapeutic strategies by enabling precise, targeted, and controlled delivery of drugs. This review presents an integrative overview of recent advancements in bioinspired vesicular systems, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and programmable lipid nanoparticles, emphasizing their structural innovations and mechanisms of action. Liposomal modifications, such as PEGylation and ligand conjugation, have improved circulation time and site-specificity, while pH-responsive nanoparticles enhance drug release in tumor microenvironments. The emergence of magnetic microrobots introduces an active, controllable delivery paradigm, complementing passive targeting approaches. Traditional dosage forms like proniosomes and effervescent tablets retain their relevance by enhancing drug solubility and bioavailability. Herbal-based therapies, integrated with nanotechnology, offer promising adjuncts in managing diseases like urolithiasis. Additionally, the role of extracellular vesicles as natural carriers underscores the translational challenges and safety considerations critical to clinical success. By synthesizing multidisciplinary research findings, this article underscores the potential of these nanotechnologies to improve therapeutic efficacy, minimize side effects, and pave the way for personalized medicine. This comprehensive review serves as a foundation for future research and clinical applications in targeted drug delivery systems.