Cellular and Molecular Bases for the Application of Polyphenols to the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is very spread in countries with a Western style diet, representing one of the major causes of morbidity. Genetic factors, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, and ageing are risk factors for CVD outcome. From a pathogenic point of view, the condition of low-grade inflammation of the arteries leads to endothelial damage, and atherosclerosis development. Nowadays, a broad range of drugs is available to treat CVD, but many of them are associated with side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic remedies need to be discovered even in combination with conventional drugs. A balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, e.g., the Mediterranean diet, has been shown to lower the incidence of CVD. Plant-derived polyphenols are ingested with food, and these compounds can exert beneficial effects on human health, such as antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective: In the present review, the cellular and molecular bases of the beneficial effects of polyphenols on the prevention and treatment of CVD will be pointed out. Methods: This review has been accomplished on the basis of literature review spanning mainly in the last 2 decades. Results: We found in this respect, that an increased dietary intake of polyphenols is associated with a parallel decrease in chronic disease incidence, even including CVD. Conclusion: Despite a plethora of preclinical studies, more clinical trials are needed for a more appropriate treatment of CVD with polyphenols.