Epstein–Barr Virus and Oral Health: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Insights, and Implications for Dental Practice

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a widespread human herpesvirus, establishes lifelong latency and is linked to a range of systemic and oral diseases. Although primarily associated with infectious mononucleosis and lymphoproliferative disorders, its oral health implications are often overlooked. The oral cavity serves as both a site of viral transmission and an early indicator of EBV infection, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. This narrative review examines current literature on EBV-related oral manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and clinical management. A systematic literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar identified studies focusing on EBV and its oral presentations, including keywords like ““Epstein–Barr Virus,” “oral health,” “oral manifestations,” “oral hairy leukoplakia,” “periodontal disease,” and “oral squamous cell carcinoma.” EBV-related oral lesions include palatal petechiae, pharyngeal erythema, oral hairy leukoplakia, and ulcers, with emerging links to periodontal diseases and oral cancer. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, histopathology, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridization, and serology. Management is typically supportive, though antiviral therapy and multidisciplinary care may be necessary for immunocompromised patients. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment. Dentists play a key role in recognizing EBV manifestations and ensuring comprehensive care through infection control and collaboration with medical professionals.