Presentation and Clinical Course of Leptospirosis in a Referral Hospital in Far North Queensland, Tropical Australia

The case-fatality rate of severe leptospirosis can exceed 50%. This retrospective cohort study examined 111 individuals with laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis admitted to Cairns Hospital, a referral hospital in tropical Australia, between January 2015 and June 2024. We examined the patients’ demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging findings at presentation and correlated them with disease course. Severe disease was defined as the presence of pulmonary haemorrhage or a requirement for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The patients’ median (interquartile range) age was 38 (24-55) years; 85/111 (77%) were transferred from another health facility. Only 13/111 (12%) had any comorbidities. There were 63/111 (57%) with severe disease, including 56/111 (50%) requiring ICU admission. Overall, 56/111 (50%) required vasopressor support, 18/111 (16%) required renal replacement therapy, 14/111 (13%) required mechanical ventilation and 2/111 (2%) required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Older age – but not comorbidity – was associated with the presence of severe disease. Hypotension, respiratory involvement, renal involvement and myocardial injury – but not liver involvement – frequently heralded a requirement for ICU care. Every patient in the cohort survived to hospital discharge. Leptospirosis can cause multi-organ failure in otherwise well young people in tropical Australia; however, outcomes are usually excellent in the country’s well-resourced health system.