Optical Sensor Based Approaches in Obesity Detection: A Literature Review of Gait Analysis, Pose Estimation, and Human Voxel Modeling

Optical sensor technologies are reshaping obesity detection by enabling non-invasive, dynamic analysis of biomechanical and morphological biomarkers. This review synthesizes recent advances in three key areas: optical gait analysis, vision-based pose estimation, and depth-sensing voxel modeling. Gait analysis leverages optical sensor arrays and video systems to identify obesi-ty-specific deviations, such as reduced stride length and asymmetric movement patterns. Pose estimation algorithms—including markerless frameworks like OpenPose and MediaPipe—track kinematic patterns indicative of postural imbalance and altered locomotor control. Human voxel modeling reconstructs 3D body composition metrics, such as waist-hip ratio, through infra-red-depth sensing, offering precise, contactless anthropometry. Despite their potential, challenges persist in sensor robustness under uncontrolled environments, algorithmic biases in diverse popula-tions, and scalability for widespread deployment in existing health workflows Emerging solutions such as federated learning and edge computing aim to address these limitations by enabling multi-modal data harmonization and portable, real-time analytics. Future priorities involve standardiz-ing validation protocols to ensure reproducibility, optimizing cost-efficacy for scalable deployment, and integrating optical systems with wearable technologies for holistic health monitoring. By shift-ing obesity diagnostics from static metrics to dynamic, multidimensional profiling, optical sensing paves the way for scalable public health interventions and personalized care strategies.