The Identification of Transcriptomic and Phytohormonal Biomarkers for Monitoring Drought and Evaluating the Potential of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Root Application to Prime Two Apple Rootstock Genotypes for Drought Resistance

Droughts are predicted to intensify with climate change, posing a serious threat to global crop production. Increasing drought tolerance in plants requires an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This study measured the physiological, phytohormonal and transcriptomic responses to drought in two apple rootstocks to identify drought ‘biomarkers’ and investigated whether the application of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) to the roots could enhance drought tolerance. Two potted-plant trials were conducted on dwarfing (M9) and semi-dwarfing (CG202) apple rootstocks. In both trials, the response patterns in the roots and leaves were compared between irrigated and non-irrigated plants over a 14-day period. In trial 2, ASM was applied 14 days before and immediately before withdrawing irrigation. Drought induced significant decreases in transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in both trials. This was accompanied by the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) metabolites and the upregulation of ABA pathway transcripts (CYP707A1/A2 and NCED3), a decrease in 12-oxophytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA) and the downregulation of ABA receptor genes (PYL4). The responses to drought were greater in the roots than the leaves, broadly similar across both rootstocks, but differed in strength and timing between the rootstocks. The application of ASM to the roots did not significantly affect the responsiveness to drought in either rootstock. The identified phytohormonal and transcriptomic biomarkers require further validation across a broader range of genotypes.