Grid-Tied PV Power Smoothing Using an Energy Storage System: Gaussian Tuning

Power smoothing for renewable energy resources is receiving increasing attention. One widely used resource is the grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system. Solar energy production typically follows a Gaussian bell curve, with peaks at midday; however, climate varia-tions can significantly alter this pattern. This paper aims to smooth the power supplied to the grid by the PV system. The proposed controller manages the charge and discharge processes of the Energy Storage System (ESS) to ensure a smooth Gaussian bell curve out-put. It adjusts the parameters of this curve to closely match the generated energy, absorb-ing or supplying fluctuations to maintain the desired profile. This system aims also to provide accurate predictions of the power that should be supplied to the grid by the PV system, based on the capabilities of the ESS and the overall system performance. Although experimental results were not included in this analysis, the system was implemented in SIMULINK using real-world data. It utilizes a hybrid ESS comprising a Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) and Supercapacitors (SC). The design and operation of the controller, in-cluding curve tuning and ESS charge‒discharge management, are detailed. The simula-tion results demonstrate excellent performance and are thoroughly discussed.