Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles in Urban and Metropolitan Environments According to Various Driving Cycles and Behavioral Conditions

Electric vehicles are transforming urban and metropolitan transportation, providing significant benefits to both the environment and society. However, the integration of electric vehicles necessitates a well-planned infrastructure, including a sufficient number of charging stations distributed at the local level, policies that encourage the purchase and operation of electric vehicles, and active participation of local governments and the automotive industry. Investments in improved car technologies, as well as renewable energy sources, will be critical in the shift to more sustainable metropolitan regions that have reduced pollution. Computer simulation based on virtual models performs an important role in the optimization of urban and metropolitan traffic by allowing rapid prototyping of real vehicle models, as well as the implementation of a wide range of test scenarios in real time. Assisted driving functions are critical in adjusting optimal driving behaviors to each of the particular scenarios of urban and metropolitan traffic. The situations discussed in the study were derived from real-world traffic and implemented and simulated on virtual models in the IPG CarMaker application. To calibrate electricity consumption in each of the metropolitan area's sectors, driving cycles have been embedded in the virtual model. These were allocated to component sectors based on the average travel speed and its variation.