A Triple Bottom Line Performance Measurement Model for The Sustainability of Post-Mining Landscapes of Indonesia

Grappling with post-mining ecological degradation, soil destabilation, and socio-economic exclusion, this study develops a performance measurement model for sustainable post-mining land reclamation in Indonesia, grounded in the principles of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) land governance. Using cacao-based agriculture as a compensation and regeneration strategy, the study applies a qualitative meta-synthesis of 773 scholarly and institutional remarks, analyzed using a two-level NVivo coding structure comprising 10 parent nodes and 80 child nodes. Five theoretical pillars—Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Stakeholder Theory, Legitimacy Theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the TBL approach—inform the analysis and support the development of a new conceptual framework: TILANG (Triple-Bottom-Line Integrated Land Governance). TILANG reframes post-mining sustainability as a governance challenge, emphasizing the interaction of institutional alignment, behavioral readiness, stakeholder collaboration, land justice, and farmer empowerment. Findings show that cacao-based agroforestry not only restores ecological functions but also delivers livelihood recovery, stakeholder legitimacy, and economic revitalization. The resulting model translates these interlinked elements into a practical TBL-aligned governance framework, enabling governments, companies, and local actors to co-design sustainable transitions in post-extractive landscapes.