Wars, Substances and Addictions: Perspectives and Solutions from Public Health to a Global Problem

Wars have historically reshaped drug production, trafficking, and consumption patterns, deepening public health crises globally. This study explores the complex relationship between armed conflict and substance use, focusing on recent wars in Ukraine and Syria. Drawing from historical logic and critical discourse analysis, it reveals how warfare fosters environments of psychological trauma, economic collapse, and weakened law enforcement, all of which intensify drug abuse and trafficking. In Ukraine, the ongoing conflict has heightened opioid and stimulant consumption among civilians and soldiers, while organized crime has expanded drug markets across Eastern Europe. In Syria, Captagon production and abuse have surged amid economic devastation and political instability, creating a narco-economy with profound social consequences. Displacement, trauma, and healthcare system collapse have exacerbated substance use disorders, especially among vulnerable groups. The findings highlight the need for multifactorial public health strategies, improved access to treatment, international cooperation, and strengthened drug control policies to mitigate these escalating challenges. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that simplistic explanations are insufficient; addressing war-related drug crises demands nuanced, interdisciplinary solutions grounded in public health, social justice, and global policy coordination.