Mass, Forces, and the Dark Sector in a Kaluza-Klein Model with Compact Dimensions

This study investigates hadronic masses with a focus on scalar/vector mesons and baryons with spins of ℏ2 and 3ℏ2, excluding orbital angular momentum. A novel model based on Kaluza-Klein theory is presented, simulating the Standard Model and expanding it to ten dimensions: one temporal, three spatial, and six compactified. The model proposes that excitations, similar to light-speed ripples in 10D spacetime, generate mass in a 4D universe and exhibit unique spin traits. Parameters are derived from the electron’s g-factor and measured masses of charged leptons, the proton, neutron, and mesons π+,ϕ,ψ,Υ. Crucial parameters include the compactification radius ρ, weak interaction coupling αw, strong interaction coupling αs, and the antineutrino-to-neutrino density ratio δ. Mass calculations for 102 hadrons are performed, with 70 compared to experimental values. A relative error under 0.05 appears in 56% of cases and below 0.1 in 84%, with a correlation coefficient of r=0.997 (p<10−78). Additionally, masses for 32 hadrons are predicted. The model anticipates sterile particles interacting gravitationally, potentially constituting dark matter. The model’s analysis involves the strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces, depicted with equations and figures. Notably, asymmetry in electromagnetic, and to a lesser extent, weak forces might elucidate dark energy.