Uncertainty Quantification of First Fix in a Time-Differenced-Carrier-Phase Observation Model

This paper presents an uncertainty quantification analysis of the first fix in a Time-Differenced Carrier Phase (TDCP) observation model. TDCP is a widely used method in GNSS-based odometry for precise positioning and displacement estimation. A key point in the TDCP modeling is the assumption that the GNSS receiver's initial position is perfectly known, which is never exactly the case in real-world applications. This study assesses impact of initial position errors on estimated displacement by formulating a correct TDCP model and a misspecified one, where the first position is not correct. Theoretical derivations provide a generic framework of estimation under misspecified model and its associated mean squared error (MSE), as well as estimation peformance bounds through the Misspecified Cramer Rao bound (MCRB) for the considered case. These theoretical considerations are then used to build an estimator of the receiver's displacement, with comparisons to the MCRB for performance evaluation. Extensive simulations using realistic GNSS geometry assess the influence of a first-fix error under various conditions, including different time intervals, first-fix error norms and first-fix error direction. The results indicate that the displacement estimation error is linearly related to the initial position error and the time interval between observations, highlighting the importance of accurate first-fix estimation for reliable TDCP-based odometry. The findings contribute to highlighting the order of magnitude of errors on solutions as a function of the error on parameters.