Enhancing Road Safety and Network Intelligence through Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication: Architectures, Models, and Performance Analysis

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is an emerging paradigm that facilitates real-time data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and networks using wireless communication technologies. As traffic congestion, collision rates, and mobility demands increase, V2X offers promising solutions to improve road safety, optimize transportation systems, and enable autonomous vehicle operations. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of V2X communication modes—V2V, V2I, V2N, and V2P—while highlighting their architectures, applications, and operational challenges. Furthermore, mathematical models are developed to evaluate key performance indicators such as latency, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and throughput under varying traffic and deployment conditions. Simulation results demonstrate the critical role of relay nodes, RSU density, and packet size in determining V2X network performance. Concluding discussions emphasize the importance of reliable V2X deployment and suggest directions for integrating intelligent routing and adaptive communication to meet the needs of future smart transportation systems.