Gender Disparities in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: A Systematic Review of Challenges and Inclusion Strategies in South Africa

The underrepresentation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) remains a persistent challenge, influenced by socio-cultural norms, educational barriers, workplace inequalities, and limited participation at various levels. The review examines the challenges that contribute to gender disparities in STEM and explores interventions aimed at fostering inclusion in the South African context. The study identifies key factors affecting gender representation using a structured screening and data extraction process. The findings highlight the importance of multifaceted interventions to bridge the gender gap, emphasising the promotion of role models, mentorship programs, STEM education improvements at the high school level, professional development for educators, hands-on experiential learning, and parental involvement. This review provides insights into effective strategies that policymakers, educators, and industry stakeholders can implement to create a more inclusive and equitable STEM landscape.