Multi-Fidelity Surrogate-Assisted Aerodynamic Optimization of Aircraft Wings

This paper presents a multi-fidelity optimization procedure for aircraft wing design, implemented in the early stages of the aircraft design process. Since wing shape is a key factor influencing aerodynamic performance, having an accurate estimate of its efficiency at the conceptual design phase is highly beneficial for aircraft designers. This study introduces a comprehensive optimization framework for designing the wing of a Class I fixed-wing mini-UAV with electric propulsion, focusing on maximizing aerodynamic efficiency and operational performance. Utilizing Class Shape Transformation (CST) in combination with Surrogate-Based Optimization (SBO) techniques, the research first optimizes the airfoil shape to identify the most suitable airfoil for the UAV wing. Subsequently, SBO techniques are applied to generate wing geometries with varying characteristics, including aspect ratio (AR), taper ratio (λ), quarter-chord sweep angle (Λ0.25), and tip twist angle (ε). These geometries are then evaluated using both low- and high-fidelity aerodynamic simulations. The integration of SBO techniques enables an efficient exploration of the design space while minimizing computational costs associated with iterative simulations. Specifically, the proposed SBO framework enhances the wing’s aerodynamic characteristics by optimizing the lift-to-drag ratio and reducing drag.