Human Microglia Models for NeuroHIV

Microglia are the primary target and reservoir of HIV infection in the central nervous system (CNS) which contribute to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). However, studying HIV infection of microglia has been challenged by limited availability of primary human microglial cells. To overcome this issue, investigators have developed various microglial models for HIV studies, including immortalized human microglial cell lines, HIV latently infected microglial clone, peripheral blood monocyte-derived microglia (MMG), induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia (iMg) and microglia containing cerebral organoids (MCOs) from iPSC. Though these models have been used in many laboratories, the published data about their expression of the specific human microglia markers and the HIV entry receptors is conflicting. In addition, there is limited information about their feasibility and applicability as a suitable model for acute and/or latent HIV infection. This review provides a concise summary of the currently used human microglial models with a focus on their suitability for NeuroHIV research.