Advanced Optimization Techniques for Enhancing Bandwidth and Gain in a 1.3 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for PAL TV Applications

This paper presents a systematic methodology for enhancing microstrip patch antenna (MPA) performance at 1.3 GHz for Phase Alternating Line (PAL) television broadcasting systems. Through the integration of slot-loaded patch geometries, substrate optimization, and array configurations, the proposed design achieves an 8.1 dBi gain and a 108 MHz bandwidth, representing improvements of 30% and 50% respectively, over conventional designs [1], [2]. The approach combines analytical modeling in MATLAB with full-wave electromagnetic simulations using CST Microwave Studio and is validated through precision measurements of fabricated prototypes. Key innovations include the implementation of a U-shaped slot for multi-resonant operation (∆f = 45 MHz per iteration), strategic selection of RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (ϵr = 2.2), and a 1 × 4 phased array configuration incorporating a defected ground structure (DGS) [5]. Experimental verification demonstrates 82% radiation efficiency and −22 dB cross-polarization isolation, fulfilling PAL TV specifications while maintaining compact dimensions (58 × 58 × 1.6 mm) [6], [7]. MATLAB and CST simulations analyze the antenna’s performance, including the reflection coefficient (S11) [11], [12]. The optimized MPA achieves a gain of 8 dBi with a bandwidth exceeding 100 MHz, aligning with the operational requirements of PAL TV applications [3], [13]. Future work will explore adaptive configurations and alternative substrate materials. [14], [15]