Applications of Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Illegal Drugs Used in Drink Spiking

Drink spiking is a significant public safety issue, often linked to crimes such as theft and sexual assault. The detection of drugs used in these incidents is challenging due to the low concentrations (<ng) and complex matrices involved. This review explores the application of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for identifying drugs in spiked beverages. GC-MS offers high sensitivity and specificity, capable of detecting drugs at ng/mL levels and distinguishing between compounds with similar structures. The review highlights the advantages of GC-MS, including its ability to analyze multiple substances simultaneously and provide detailed molecular information. Various methods for detecting gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), benzodiazepines, and other drugs in beverages are discussed, emphasizing the importance of derivatization to enhance volatility and chromatographic performance. The paper also addresses the challenges of analyzing complex beverage matrices and the need for continuous improvement in detection techniques to keep pace with the evolving drug market. Overall, GC and GC-MS are powerful tools for forensic analysis in drink spiking cases, offering reliable and accurate results essential for legal and investigative processes.