An Improved PSO-Based DC Discharge Heating Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures

In low-temperature environments, both the electrochemical and thermodynamic performance of lithium-ion batteries are significantly affected, leading to a substantial decline in overall performance. This deterioration is primarily manifested in the inability of the battery to release its actual capacity effectively, a marked reduction in charge-discharge efficiency, and accelerated capacity degradation, which directly undermines its power output capability under low-temperature conditions. Such performance degradation severely restricts the application of lithium-ion batteries in scenarios requiring high power and extended range, such as EVs. This paper proposes an intelligent low-temperature DC discharge heating optimization strategy based on the PSO algorithm. The strategy aims to simultaneously optimize heating time and minimize capacity loss by employing the PSO algorithm to dynamically optimize discharge currents under varying ambient temperatures. This approach achieves simultaneous optimization of battery heating efficiency and capacity loss. The proposed strategy effectively overcomes the limitation of traditional constant-current discharge methods, which struggle to dynamically adjust current intensity based on real operating conditions. By balancing heating efficiency and capacity degradation, the strategy significantly enhances energy utilization. The performance improvements achieved include a reduction in heating time by 48.71 seconds and an increase in heating rate by more than twofold. During 1,000 cycles of heating, the capacity loss was reduced by 0.10 Ah, effectively extending the battery's service life. This strategy addresses the limitations of traditional heating methods, providing a novel solution for the efficient application of lithium-ion batteries in low-temperature environments.