Appearances Can Be Deceptive: Morphological, Phylogenetic, and Nomenclatural Delineation of Two Newly Named African Species Related to <i>Frankenia pulverulenta</i> (Frankeniaceae)

Frankenia is a morphologically complex genus with some species exhibiting few diagnostic characters and significant morphological variability. This led to misidentification or synonymisation of many names, based on one or a few diagnostic traits. This phenomenon affects the annual sea-heath, F. pulverulenta, a Eurasian-Mediterranean herb that has become subcosmopolitan, in which several entities were included due to shared features, namely the annual lifespan or the flattened leaves. However, this fact also extends to shrubby species, such as the Madeiran F. cespitosa. Here, integrative taxonomic studies were undertaken, encompassing detailed morphological descriptions of macro- and microcharacters, along with molecular phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear ribosomal (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region) and plastid (matK gene) DNA sequence data, and biogeographic data. The research resulted in the most complete phylogenetic trees of Frankenia to date, leading to the reinstatement of two African species broadly differing from F. pulverulenta. Firstly, F. florida L.Chevall., a name applied to a species occurring in the Saharan regions of Algeria, Morocco, Mali and Mauritania, is often accepted as a variety or subspecies of the annual sea-heath. In contrast, F. densa Pohnert, a species endemic to Namibia and northern South Africa, is synonymised with F. pulverulenta. However, since those two names were later homonyms of two Chilean and Australian plants, they were deemed illegitimate upon publication. Consequently, two new names are proposed for them: F. sahariensis and F. dinteri, respectively. The substantiation of both entities as independent species is provided by data on morphology, distribution, ecology and molecular phylogenetics, which demonstrate their distinctiveness from F. pulverulenta. Nomenclatural synonymy and types are also presented for all concerned names, including the designation of two new lectotypes.