Biophysics vs. Biochemistry in Nanopharmacy: The Second (SD-C₆₀) and Third (TD-C₆₀) Derivatives of Fullerene C₆₀

Objectives: Today's pharmacy and its application in medicine, including the current nanotechnological approach, is based on the biochemical laws of covalent bonds. Due to their changed chemical potential, most nanosubstances, compared to classical ones, as well as tissue penetration, have distinct toxic properties. To overcome the negative effects of the biochemical application of nano-substances in medicine, using the example of fullerene C60 and its derivatives, we show that their biophysical effect is possible through non-covalent hydrogen bonds; Methods: In the first step, we used the molecule C60, which is very poorly soluble in water and toxic under certain conditions, and then we added C60 with 36 OH groups (first derivative, FD-C60 or fullerol) with increased water solubility and reduced toxicity. To reduce higher toxicity and increase solubility and effect, fullerol in solution was exposed to an oscillatory electromagnetic field with Re (real) and Im (imaginary) parts. Three to nine stable water layers around the fullerol are formed when Re part of the electromagnetic field is used (second derivative, SD-C60 or 3HFWC). However, in addition to SD-C60, ordered water chains and bubbling of water in the solution (third derivative, TD-C60) are formed when both Re and Im part of the external electromagnetic field are applied. Results: A comparative structural and physicochemical characterization of fullerene C60 and its derivatives was performed. Fullerene C60 and fullerol (FD-C60) interact with biological structures biochemically, while the second (SD-C60) and third (TD-C60) derivatives act biophysically via hydrogen bond oscillation. The paper explains the mechanism of action of SD-C60 and TD-C60 via hydrogen bonds and gives examples of biomedical applications citing our published experimental results. Conclusions: This study shows that the Yin-Yang machinery, based on the nanophysics of non-covalent hydrogen bonds, is possible and that the first attempt has been made to establish nanomedicine based on non-covalent hydrogen bonds of water, DNA and proteins.