Advances in Biosensors for Early and Rare Disease Detection: A Fabrication Perspective

The need for early diagnosis of diseases, especially severe and rare diseases, has increased the demand for developing better biosensors for diagnosis. These tools can diagnose diseases at their early stage and sometimes even before the onset of symptoms. This review is focused on the analysis of the methods of biosensor creation and their application for early disease diagnosis. This review includes various categories of biosensors, including nanomaterials, aptamers, and peptides. The focus is on developing these sensors and employing the right materials. Different fabrication techniques are presented, including thin-film deposition, lithography, printing, and microfluidics, due to their merits and disadvantages. This review also examines the effectiveness of these biosensors in clinical practice and various laboratory tests. We also focus on enhancing performance and sensitivity when nanomaterials and nanotechnology are employed. Additionally, we discuss scalability, reproducibility, and suggest ways to overcome these issues. We also describe current and emerging developments in advanced biosensors, including point-of-care and biosensor fusion systems. This review will be helpful for scholars, practitioners, and decision-makers because it concentrates on biosensor design and implementation technology.