Thermal Irreversibility in Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material Liquefaction

Inside the closed, thin-walled hollow cylinder, there is a solid state of phase change material (NePCM) that has been nano-enhanced. This NePCM is heated at its bottom. Nanoparticles (Al2O3) were inserted and homogenized within the PCM (sodium acetate trihydrate, C2H3O2Na), to create the NePCM. The hollow cylinder is thermally insulated from the outside ambient temperature, while the heat supplied is enough to cause a phase change. Once the entire NePCM has converted from a solid to a liquid due to heating, it is then cooled, and the thermal insulation is removed. The cylindrical liquefied NePCM bar is cooled in this manner. Thermal entropy, entransy dissipation rate, and bar efficiency during the heating and cooling of NePCM bar were analyzed by changing variables. The volume fraction ratio of nanoparticles, inlet heat flux, and liquefied bar height were the variables considered. The results indicate a significant impact on the NePCM bar during liquefaction and convective cooling when the values of these variables are altered. For instance, with an increase in the volume fraction ratio from 3% to 9%, at a constant heat flux of 104 Wm-2 and a liquefied bar height of 0.02m, the NePCM bar efficiency decreases to 99%. The thermal entropy from heat conduction through liquefied NePCM bar is significantly lower compared to thermal entropy from convective air cooling on its surface. The thermal entropy of the liquefied NePCM bar increases on average by 110% without any cooling. With a volume fraction ratio of 6%, there is an 80% increase in heat flux as the bar height increases to 0.02m.