Impact of Synthetic Cosmetic Ingredients on the Human Respiratory System: A Mechanistic Insight

Synthetic cosmetic constituents have also been a concern in recent decades due to their potentially adverse effects on human respiratory health. This review describes the occurrence of some harmful synthetic ingredients in cosmetics, including phthalates, parabens, VOCs, and microplastics, and discusses their pathways of inhalation and mechanisms of action. Both short- and long-term respiratory effects, especially in sensitive populations, are discussed together with the regulatory framework governing cosmetic safety. The review also points out that the demand for safer alternatives is growing, and natural and organic ingredients and the principles of green chemistry play a key role in reducing harmful inhalation risks. It further identifies gaps in current research, such as the need for longitudinal studies and the need to understand the interplay between synthetic ingredients and environmental factors. By dealing with these challenges, the cosmetic industry will move closer to a more consumer health-and safety-friendly product development.