Interplay of PAK1 and CAMKII in Pancreatic Beta Cell Insulin Secretion

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health challenge, primarily driven by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. This study investigated the roles of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and calci-um/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII) in insulin secretion, aiming to elucidate their involvement in this process and their implications in T2DM pathophysi-ology. Methods: Using the Beta-TC-6 insulinoma cell line, we assessed colocalization and interaction of PAK1 and CAMKII under glucose stimulation through indirect immuno-fluorescence (IFI) and proximity ligation assays (PLA). To examine their expression dynamics in a physiological context, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) on pancreatic sections from wild-type (WT), prediabetic, and T2DM murine models. Addi-tionally, bioinformatic analysis of publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data from human islets of healthy donors, prediabetic individuals, and T2DM patients pro-vided translational validation. Results: High glucose conditions significantly increased PAK1-CAMKII colocalization, correlating with enhanced insulin secretion. Pharmaco-logical inhibition of these kinases reduced insulin release, confirming their regulatory roles. Murine and human islet analyses showed a progressive increase in kinase ex-pression from prediabetes to T2DM, highlighting their relevance in disease progression. Conclusions: The coordinated function of PAK1 and CaMKII in insulin secretion suggests their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in T2DM. Further studies are warranted to explore their mechanistic roles and therapeutic applications in preserving beta-cell function.