Green Hydrogen and the Energy Transition: Hopes, Challenges, and Realistic Opportunities

This paper critically analyzes recent research on hydrogen, highlighting differences from previous phases and assessing its prospects for energy decarbonization. Green hydrogen, produced through electrolysis using renewable energy, is considered a promising solution due to its versatility in sectors such as buildings, mobility, and industry, without CO₂ emissions. However, the entire supply chain—from production to end-use—faces significant challenges, including energy losses and high costs, which affect overall efficiency. A critical analysis of these aspects helps distinguish between theoretical potential and potential applications. Among the most promising strategies is the use of hydrogen in blended combustion to leverage existing infrastructure, such as boilers and furnaces, with minimal modifications. Additionally, certain innovations in industrial processes, such as steel production, could drastically reduce emissions by replacing carbon-intensive methods with hy-drogen-based processes. Through examples of relevant dimensional elements, this study highlights the real development margins of green hydrogen, emphasizing the need for strategic approaches and a careful efficiency assessment to ensure its effective integration into energy systems.