Advanced Wearable Sensors for Body Fluid Monitoring in Sports and Health: Technologies, Applications and Future Prospects

This review explores the dynamic field of wearable sensors that monitor body fluids, a technological breakthrough enhancing personalized healthcare and sports performance. These devices offer a non-invasive, real-time glimpse into our health by tracking vital biomarkers found in blood, sweat, saliva, urine, and tears. We discuss various sensor technologies—including electrochemical, optical, and microfluidic—and the innovative materials like hydrogels and nanocomposites that enable their functionality. The integration of RFID and flexible electronics is also examined, highlighting how these technologies improve the connectivity and user-friendliness of the sensors. Moreover, we delve into the advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing that are crucial for crafting these sophisticated devices. Looking ahead, the article considers the exciting possibilities of merging these sensors with artificial intelligence and machine learning to revolutionize how we manage health and enhance athletic performance.