The Impact of Thermal and Electrical Pre-Treatments and Anti-Browning Solution on the Chlorogenic and Dicaffeoylquinic Acids Extraction Yield from Endive Roots

Forced endive roots (FER) contain beneficial antioxidant compounds such as chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs). This study compared the extraction yields of 5-CQA and diCQAs using a biomass pressing method with various pre-treatments, including pulsed electric field (PEF) and microwave (MW), against the solid-liquid extraction method. The results indicated that the MW pre-treatment achieved the highest yields, extracting 28 ± 2% of 5-CQA and 13 ± 1% of diCQAs, surpassing the solid-liquid method. Furthermore, the oxidative degradation of CQAs is studied and it appears that this reaction is enhanced by PEF pretreatment. An anti-browning solution (ABS) is successfully tested to reduce this oxidation and protects CQAs. An extraction process utilizing MW and PEF pre-treatments combined with an ABS solution achieved yields of 65 ± 1% for diCQAs and 80 ± 5% for 5-CQA, significantly outperforming the solid-liquid extraction method.