Geomorphological, Biophysical, and Photogrammetric Analysis of Agroforestry Systems Associated with Cocoa (<em>Theobroma cacao</em> L.) Cultivation in the Dominican Republic
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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation in the Dominican Republic is a vital economic activity, yet it faces significant challenges related to land use, environmental variability, and resource management. This study analyzes the geomorphological, biophysical, and photogrammetric characteristics of agroforestry systems associated with cocoa cultivation to optimize productivity and sustainability. High-resolution satellite imagery (Sentinel-2, Landsat 9) and drone-based photogrammetry were used to assess terrain features, soil properties, and vegetation health. A georeferenced cadastral database was developed to consolidate critical information for land management. Results indicate that terrain slope, soil organic matter, and water availability significantly influence cocoa yield. NDVI analysis revealed spatial variability in plant health, highlighting areas requiring intervention. The findings underscore the importance of soil conservation practices, targeted irrigation strategies, and precision monitoring to enhance sustainability. The integration of remote sensing, GIS, and field validation provides a robust framework for decision-making in cocoa agroforestry systems. This study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers, offering practical recommendations to improve land productivity while ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.