From Foundations to Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Guide to Building Energy Analysis

This paper presents a comprehensive review of methodologies for building energy analysis, simulation, and optimization, with a focus on improving energy efficiency and sustainability. It synthesizes research across various domains, including data-driven models, building performance simulations (BPS), infrared thermography (IRT), and innovative design approaches. The study underscores the significance of accurate energy prediction models and the impact of early-stage design interventions on long-term energy performance. Advanced technologies such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and statistical analysis are examined for their role in enhancing energy assessments. A key highlight of this review is the critical role of IRT as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting thermal anomalies, insulation defects, and energy inefficiencies. The integration of AI with IRT is discussed as a promising advancement for automating defect detection and improving building diagnostics. Additionally, the study explores emerging materials, including high-performance insulation and phase-change materials, which contribute to sustainable construction practices. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the role of smart building technologies, parametric design, and occupancy-driven energy management in optimizing energy use. The effectiveness of various energy forecasting models, including white-box, black-box, and grey-box approaches, is analyzed, demonstrating the strengths and limitations of each methodology. Despite significant progress in the field, research gaps remain in model calibration, data integration, and real-time energy monitoring. The study proposes future directions, such as enhancing hybrid modeling techniques, standardizing assessment methods, and leveraging big data analytics to refine energy performance predictions. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals, bridging the gap between theoretical research and practical applications in sustainable building design and energy management.