Arthropod-Borne Zoonotic Parasitic Diseases in Africa: Existing Burden, Diversity, and the Risk of Re-Emergence

Vector-borne parasitic diseases represent a critical public health challenge in Africa, disproportionately impacting vulnerable populations and linking human, animal, and environmental health through the One Health framework. In this review, we explore the existing burden of these diseases, particularly those that are underreported. Climate change, urbanization, the introduction of alien species, and deforestation exacerbate the emergence and reemergence of arthropod-borne zoonotic parasitic diseases like malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, complicating control and disease elimination efforts. Despite progress in managing certain diseases, gaps in surveillance and funding hinder effective responses, allowing many arthropod zoonotic parasitic infections to persist unnoticed. The increased interactions between humans and wildlife, driven by environmental changes, heighten the risk of spillover events. Leveraging comprehensive data on disease existence and distribution coupled with a One Health approach is essential for developing adaptive surveillance systems and sustainable control strategies. This review emphasizes the urgent need for interdisciplinary collaboration among medical professionals, veterinarians, ecologists, and policymakers to effectively address the challenges posed by vector-borne zoonotic parasitic diseases in Africa, ensuring improved health outcomes for both humans and animals.