Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials and their Application in Medicine

Carbon nanomaterials that include different forms such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphite, nanodiamonds, carbon nanocones, amorphous carbon, as well as porous carbon, are quite distinguished by their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties. This plays a major role in making them pivotal in various medical applications. The synthesis methods used for such nanomaterials, including techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, laser ablation, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are able to offer very precise control over material purity, particle size, and scalability, enabling for nanomaterials catered for different specific applications. These materials have been explored in a range of different systems, which include drug delivery systems, biosensors, tissue engineering, as well as advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and fluorescence imaging. Recent advancements, including green synthesis strategies and novel innovative approaches like ultrasonic cavitation, have improved both the precision as well as the scalability of acrbon nanomaterial production. Despite challenges like biocompatibility and environmental concerns, these nanomaterials hold immense promise in revolutionizing personalized medicine, diagnostics, and regenerative therapies. Figures of the various carbon nanomaterials in this manuscript are presented by the conventional ball-and-stick model and the sphere-in-contact model that was perviously shown to be a better representation of the void space in carbon nanostructures. These sphere-in-contact models have a better description of the size of the electron density of carbon nanomaterials and therefore can help in the rational design of new structures for medical and biomedical appliactions.