Exploring the Role of Duddingtonia flagrans in Integrated Parasite Management: A Systematic Review of Current Research and Applications

Nematophagous fungi, particularly Duddingtonia flagrans, provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical anthelmintics for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in livestock. With the increasing prevalence of GIN resistance to anthelmintic drugs, alternative control strategies are essential for maintaining livestock health and productivity. Duddingtonia flagrans has demonstrated efficacy in reducing pasture contamination by trapping and eliminating nematode larvae in feces, thereby interrupting the reinfection cycle. This systematic review consolidates existing research on the biological control potential of D. flagrans, evaluating its efficacy across various livestock species, administration methods, and environmental conditions. While research highlights its ability to reduce nematode burdens, challenges persist in optimizing fungal formulation, improving field efficacy, and assessing economic feasibility. The review identifies critical research gaps, including the need for long-term field trials across diverse climatic conditions, development of bio-encapsulated formulations to enhance spore persistence, and economic assessments comparing the cost-effectiveness of D. flagrans to conventional dewormers. Additionally, integration with sustainable livestock management practices such as rotational grazing and selective breeding requires further exploration. Addressing these challenges through multi-disciplinary research will be crucial in scaling up the application of D. flagrans as a practical and farmer-friendly solution to GIN control. By synthesizing current literature using the Kitchenham framework, this study aims to inform best practices for integrating D. flagrans into sustainable parasite management programs, ensuring its long-term viability as a tool for livestock producers worldwide.