Efficacy of Nano and Conventional Zinc and Silicon Fertilizers for Nutrient Use Efficiency and Yield Benefits in Maize Under Saline Field Conditions

The increasing global population and worsening climate change have intensified challenges in sustainable agriculture, particularly in saline-affected regions. Soil salinity, impacting approximately 20% of irrigated lands, severely reduces crop productivity by disrupting plant physiological and biochemical processes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) nanofertilizers in improving maize (Zea mays L.) growth, nutrient uptake, and yield under both saline and non-saline field conditions. ZnO and SiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via co-precipitation and sol-gel methods, respectively, and characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. A split-plot field experiment was conducted, applying nano and conventional Zn and Si fertilizers at recommended rates, with agronomic, chemical, and physiological parameters assessed. The results demonstrated that nano Zn and nano Si significantly enhanced, cob length, and grain yield. Nano Si exhibits the highest increase in biomass (110%) and nutrient use efficiency almost two times more than control under non-saline conditions. Under saline stress, nano Zn and Si improved nutrient uptake efficiency, reduced sodium accumulation, and increased grain yield by 66% and 106%, respectively, compared to the control. PCA analysis revealed a strong correlation between nano Zn and Si applications and improved physiological and yield attributes. These findings highlight the potential of nanotechnology-based fertilizers in mitigating salinity stress and enhancing crop productivity, offering a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture in salt-affected soils.