Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Thromboinflammation and Septic Shock in Fetuses and Neonates

The article delves into the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), thromboinflammation, and septic shock in fetuses and neonates, providing a comprehensive examination of their pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and clinical implications. It establishes SIRS as a hyper-reaction to external stress, disrupting the balance between inflammation and adaptive mechanisms, driven by cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), a subset of SIRS, is highlighted for its role in adverse neonatal outcomes, including organ damage, inflammation, and long-term developmental disorders. The article outlines the extensive impact of FIRS on vital systems such as the blood, lungs, central nervous system, and kidneys. The paper underscores the challenges in diagnosing and managing septic shock in neonates, emphasizing the interplay between inflammation and hemostatic system. It highlights recent advancements like the convergent model of coagulation and emerging biomarkers such as microRNAs for early detection. Despite progress, gaps in understanding the molecular underpinnings of these conditions and effective therapeutic strategies are noted. This underscores the need for targeted research to mitigate the morbidity and mortality associated with septic shock in neonates.