In Silico ADME Methods Used in the Evaluation of Natural Products

The pharmaceutical industry faces significant challenges when promising drug candi-dates fail during development due to suboptimal ADME (absorption, distribution, metab-olism, excretion) properties or toxicity concerns. Natural compounds are subject to the same pharmacokinetic considerations. In silico approaches offer a compelling advantage: they eliminate the need for physical samples and laboratory facilities, while providing rapid and cost-effective alternatives to expensive and time-consuming experimental test-ing. Computational methods can often effectively address common challenges associated with natural compounds, such as chemical instability and poor solubility. Through a re-view of the relevant scientific literature, we present a comprehensive analysis of in silico methods and tools used for ADME prediction, specifically examining their application to natural compounds. Whereas we focus on identifying the predominant computational approaches applicable to natural compounds, these tools were developed for conventional drug discovery and are of general use. We examine an array of computational approaches for evaluating natural compounds, including fundamental methods like quantum me-chanics calculations, molecular docking, and pharmacophore modeling, as well as more complex techniques such as QSAR analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, and PBPK modeling.