Smog Pollution in Lahore, Pakistan: A Review of the Causes, Effects, and Mitigation Strategies

Air, necessary for human survival, is mainly impacted by pollution, with smog being one of the most dangerous forms. The word Smog is basically combination of two words smoke and fog, which is formed by the primarily due to human activities such as vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, crop burning, and construction activities, alongside environmental conditions. In Pakistan, particularly in Lahore, the smog crisis has intensified due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and unregulated industrial and agricultural practices. The smog is primarily composed of particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10), ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides, leading to severe respiratory, cardiovascular, and ocular health risks, including premature deaths. This review highlights the socioeconomic implications of smog, such as its adverse effects on tourism, education, and economic activities. Lahore, which is the 2nd largest city in Pakistan, experiences hazardous Air Quality Index (AQI) levels, exacerbated by heavy traffic, outdated vehicles, and high-sulfur fuels. Smog is responsible for low visibility, causing accidents and also degradation of infrastructure. The compounded effects of smog and the COVID-19 pandemic reveal a correlation between particulate matter exposure and respiratory health vulnerabilities. To mitigate the smog include short-term measures like traffic regulations, use of masks, and limiting outdoor activities, alongside long-term strategies like transitioning to electric vehicles, promoting public transportation, public awareness and afforestation. The public awareness campaigns and advanced monitoring system are essential for effective smog control. Internationally aligned policies, such as improved fuel standards and cleaner industrial practices, are also crucial. The collaborative efforts of governmental agencies, industries, and communities are pivotal to addressing Lahore’s smog crisis. This study underscores the urgency of implementing sustainable energy solutions and comprehensive policies to safeguard public health, economic stability, and environmental integrity.