Surgeon Training in the Era of Computer Enhanced Simulation Robotics and Emerging Technologies: A Narrative Review

Background: Teaching methodology has recently undergone significant evolution from traditional apprenticeship models as we adapt to ever increasing rates of technological advancement. Big data, artificial intelligence and machine learning are on the precipice of revolutionizing all aspects of surgical practice with far reaching implications. Robotic platforms will increase in autonomy as machine learning rapidly becomes more sophisticated and therefore training requirements will no longer slow innovation. Materials and Methods: Search of published studies discussing surgeon training and computer enhanced simulation robotics and emerging technologies using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CRANE, CINAHL and Web of Science was performed January 2024. Online resources associated with proprietary technologies related to the subject matter were also utilised. Results: Following review of 3209 articles, 91 published, relevant articles on aspects of robotics-based computer enhanced simulation, technologies and education were included. Publications ranged from RCTs, cohort studies, meta-analysis and systematic reviews. Eight medical technology-based website content were analysed and included in this review to ensure the most up-to-date information was analysed. Discussion: Surgeons should aim to be at the forefront of this revolution for the ultimate benefit of patients. Surgical exposure will no longer be due to incidental experiences. Rather, surgeons and trainees will have access to a complete database of simulated minimally invasive procedures and procedural simulation certification will likely become a requisite from graduation to live operating to maintain rigorous patient safety standards. This review provides a comprehensive outline of the current and future status of surgical training in the robotic and digital era.