A Pilot Study on Understanding the Contextual Factors Impacting the Implementation of Antibiotic Stewardship Program in a Single Health Center Serving Rural and Underserved Communities in the United States – A Mixed Method Approach

Objective: This study aimed to identify contextual factors influencing the implementation of an Antibiotic Stewardship Program (ASP) in a rural primary care center serving underserved communities. Methods: A mixed-methods approach guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was employed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and surveys with clinical staff and leadership at a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC). The CFIR framework was used to explore barriers and facilitators within the clinic’s inner and outer settings, focusing on staff perceptions, challenges, and readiness for ASP implementation. Results: Strong staff support for ASPs was identified, with participants emphasizing their potential to improve patient outcomes and antibiotic prescribing practices. Barriers included insufficient training, high workload, and patient pressure to prescribe antibiotics. Leadership commitment, enhanced communication systems, and tailored educational materials were identified as critical facilitators for successful implementation. Participants highlighted the need for accessible educational tools and streamlined protocols to improve engagement and compliance. Conclusion: Implementing an ASP in rural and underserved settings is feasible but requires addressing site-specific challenges. Insights from this study underscore the importance of understanding contextual factors to inform evidence-based strategies for ASP adoption. The structured use of CFIR provided a comprehensive framework to guide implementation efforts, ultimately supporting better antibiotic use and public health outcomes in resource-constrained healthcare settings.