River Restoration Units: Riverscape Units for European Freshwater Ecosystem Management

Freshwater habitats and biota are among the most threatened worldwide. In Europe, significant efforts are being taken to counteract detrimental human impacts on nature. In line with these efforts, the MERLIN project funded by the H2020 program focuses on mainstreaming ecosystem restoration for freshwater-related environments at the landscape scale. Additionally, the Dammed Fish project focuses on one of the main threats affecting European Networks – river artificial fragmentation. Meeting the objectives of both projects to work on a large, pan-European scale we developed a novel spatial database for river units. These spatial units, named River Restoration Units (R2U), abide by river network functioning while creating the possibility of aggregating multiple data sources with varying resolutions to comparable units. To create the R2U, we set a methodological framework that departs from the Catchment Characterisation and Modelling – River and Catchment Database v2.1 (CCM2) - together with the capabilities of the River Network Toolkit software (RivTool) to implement a 7-step methodological procedure. This enabled the creation of 11 557 R2U units in European sea outlet river basins along with their attributes. Procedure outputs were associated with spatial layers and then reorganised to create a relational database with normalised data. Under the MERLIN project, R2U have been used as the spatial analysis unit for a large-scale analysis using multiple input datasets (e.g., ecosystem services, climate, European Directive reporting data). This database will be valuable for river management and conservation planning, being particularly well suited for large-scale restoration planning in abidance with European Nature legislation. This database is publicly available via Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10753900) and Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/mk6ed/).