Foundational Architecture and Data Structure for a DT-Based Bridge Operation and Maintenance Platform

The efficient operation and maintenance (O&M) of over one million bridges has become a significant challenge for bridge management authorities in China. By establishing a clear and logical workflow framework for bridge O&M and leveraging the web-based cloud platform's advanced data processing and visualization capabilities, this paper proposes a brand-new bridge O&M platform based on the Digital Twin (DT) concept. This platform adopts a three-layer B/S architecture that facilitates seamless interaction through data exchange, forming a stable and reliable architecture. It incorporates a user-friendly interface that visually displays BIM models of bridges and related data, enabling users to intuitively and efficiently access critical information. Furthermore, the platform has integrated a Smart Device module, including drones, to enable precise control and unified management. To improve the efficiency of data querying and acquisition, the data is categorized into five types based on the platform’s functionality. Drawing on the principles derived from the IFC and COBie data models, Shared Information serves as a common resource for constructing other data structures, which also incorporates the concept of metadata and meta-metadata. The data structures for Bridge Basic Information and the Defect are designed as key examples, integrating a master classification table with its sub-tables. This construction method ensures systematic organization, coherence, and standardization of data structures. It significantly enhances data management capabilities, presenting bridge data in greater clarity. Finally, the authors use the Xiaoqing River Bridge as a case study to illustrate the application of the Defect data structure. The foundational architecture for the platform demonstrates a certain degree of innovation by consolidating multiple modules into a cohesive system. Collectively, these advancements will enhance the level of informatization and maintenance efficiency in bridge O&M, thereby improving bridge safety and service life and ultimately generating considerable economic and societal benefits.