Jesus and the Roman Empire: A Theological Perspective on Political Power, Ideologies, Extremism and Religious Nationalism

This article presents a theological examination of the distinction Jesus makes between the power of God and worldly, politico-military authority, particularly as manifested in the Roman Empire. Grounded in Gospel texts, particularly Luke 20:25 and Matthew 20:25–28, the analysis explores the contrasting values of divine power, which is characterized by love, peace, and reconciliation, against earthly power, defined by authority, coercion, manipulation, and brute force. The article delves into the meanings of political power, ideologies, and the dangers of religious nationalism and extremism, drawing conceptual boundaries between these forms of influence. Using the Roman Empire as a case study, the article reveals how Jesus critiques political authority in favor of the Kingdom of God, whose values stand in direct opposition to the ideologies of worldly power. This exploration further addresses the risks of ideological extremism, particularly within religious contexts, and emphasizes the theological importance of distinguishing between worldly governance and divine sovereignty. Ultimately, the Kingdom of God, as portrayed in the Gospels, is a realm of love, justice, and peace, while worldly systems often promote conflict and division. The article concludes by offering a model for Christians, based on Christ’s teachings, to navigate the tensions between faith and political ideologies, keeping in focus the priorities of God's Kingdom and the power of divine love.