Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Interventions in Reducing Dental Anxiety among Children with Special Needs: A Scoping Review with Conceptual Map

Background/Objectives: To analyze the effectiveness of non-pharmacological man-agement in reducing dental anxiety among special needs children during dental treatment. Methods: Five electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar, were searched from 2007 till August 2024 for randomized control trials and observational studies comparing the effectiveness of non-pharmacological techniques in reducing dental anxiety during invasive and noninvasive dental treatment. The primary outcomes of the studied intervention were reduced dental anxiety and improved behavior during dental treatment. The conceptual map was created to understand the need for assessment and behavior management for special needs children (SN). Results: Nineteen articles qualified for final analysis from 250 screened articles. Included studies evaluated the effect of strategies applied clinically, such as audio-visual distraction, sensory-adapted envi-ronment, and virtual reality. The included studies measured the trivial to large effect of measured interventions and supported non-pharmacological interventions in clinical settings. Conclusion: Most basic non-pharmacological interventions showed a trivial to large reduction in dental anxiety among SN patients. The conceptual map developed in this study supports the need for non-pharmacological interventions as they are cost-effective and create a positive environment in dental clinics. However, more studies need to focus on non-pharmacological behavior interventions in SN children to support the findings of this scoping review.